Which of the following methods is considered ineffective for preventing data tampering?

Filtering as a method for preventing data tampering is considered ineffective primarily because it focuses on controlling the flow of data rather than ensuring the integrity or authenticity of that data. Filtering might involve blocking certain types of data or monitoring for suspicious activity; however, it does not provide a mechanism to verify that data has not been altered in transit or at rest.

In contrast, hashes and digital signatures are specifically designed to protect data integrity. Hashes generate a fixed-size representation of data, allowing users to detect if any alteration has occurred. Digital signatures add a layer of authentication, ensuring that the sender of the data is who they claim to be, and that the data has not been tampered with since it was signed.

Authorization controls help ensure that only authorized users can access or modify data but do not directly prevent data tampering. While effective in controlling access to data, they do not provide a robust method for verifying the integrity of that data once access is granted.

Thus, filtering lacks the specific mechanisms required to ensure data integrity, making it an ineffective method for preventing data tampering.